The German architect Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus School of Design in 1919. The school emphasized workshop training over academic studio education, promoted a closer alliance between “fine” and “applied” art and architecture, and attempted to re-establish the connection between artistic creativity and manufacturing that Gropius felt had been broken by the Industrial Revolution. The Nazis closed the school in 1933, and many of its faculty members, including Gropius, moved to the United States.